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161
Notes
to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 1 Significant Accounting Policies
(continued)
iii) Group companies:
The results and financial position of foreign operations (none of which has the currency of a hyperinflationary economy) that
have a functional currency different from the presentation currency are translated into the presentation currency as follows:
a) assets and liabilities are translated at the closing rate at the date of that Balance Sheet
b) income and expenses are translated at average exchange rates (unless this is not a reasonable approximation of
the cumulative
c) all resulting exchange differences are recognised in Other Comprehensive Income
When a foreign operation is disposed, the associated exchange differences are reclassified to the Statement of
Profit and Loss, as part of the gain | (loss) on sale. Goodwill and fair value adjustments arising on the acquisition of
a foreign operation are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign operation and translated at the closing rate.
d) Revenue recognition:
i)
Timing of recognition:
Revenue from sale of goods is recognised when all the significant risks and rewards of ownership in the goods are
transferred to the buyer as per the terms of the contract, there is no continuing managerial involvement with the
goods, the amount of revenue can be measured reliably and it is probable that future economic benefits will flow
to the entity and specific criteria have been met for each of the activities of the Group. This generally happens upon
dispatch of the goods to customers, except for export sales which are recognised when significant risk and rewards
are transferred to the buyer as per the terms of contract. Revenue from services is recognised in the accounting period
in which the services are rendered.
Eligible export incentives are recognised in the year in which the conditions precedent are met and there is no
significant uncertainty about the collectability.
Interest income:
Interest income from debt instruments is recognised using the effective interest rate method. The effective interest
rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset to
the gross carrying amount of a financial asset. When calculating the effective interest rate, the Group estimates the
expected cash flows by considering all the contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example, prepayment,
extension, call and similar options), but does not consider the expected credit losses.
Dividends:
Dividends are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss only when the right to receive payment is established;
it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the dividend will flow to the Group and the amount of the
dividend can be measured reliably.
ii) Measurement of revenue:
Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, after the deduction of any trade
discounts, volume rebates and any taxes or duties collected on behalf of the Government which are levied on sales
such as goods and services tax, value added tax, etc. Revenue includes excise duty as it is paid on production and is
a liability of the manufacturer, irrespective of whether the goods are sold or not. Discounts given include rebates,
price reductions and other incentives given to customers. The Group bases its estimates on historical results, taking
into consideration the type of customer, the type of transaction and the specifics of each arrangement. Accumulated
experience is used to estimate and provide for the discounts and returns. The volume discounts are assessed based on
anticipated annual purchases. No element of financing is deemed to be present as the sales are made with a credit
term which is consistent with market practice.
e) Income taxes:
The income tax expense or credit for the period is the tax payable on the taxable income of the current period based on the
applicable income tax rates adjusted by changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities attributable to temporary differences
and unused tax losses.
The current income tax charge is calculated on the basis of the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted at the end of
the reporting period. Minimum Alternate Tax (‘MAT’) under the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961 is recognised as
current tax in the Statement of Profit and Loss. The credit available under the Act in respect of MAT paid will be recognised
as deferred tax asset only when and to the extent there is convincing evidence that the Group will pay normal income tax
during the period for which the MAT credit can be carried forward for set-off against the normal tax liability. Such asset is
reviewed at each Balance Sheet date.